Picscout's IRC - commenting on other people's comments
When Picscout announced its new Index Registry Connection (IRC), the blogosophere has been abuzz, and with it, personal emails directly to me requesting public commentary.
Though I'm no longer affiliated with Picscout (past VP of marketing), I feel compelled to chime in on the subject. However, I obviously have information and insight that I'm not at liberty to discuss. This is a bit frustrating because some of it would help dispel some of the myths and misunderstandings that many people have about the IRC. However, there are a few things I can say that will merely help steer people in the right direction, at least insofar as their overall understanding of the stock photo market and the IRC's relationship to that. A great deal of this is based on blogs I've posted over the years, all of which pre-dated anything Picscout is doing today.
What we know, and what Picscout has announced, is that they are in the first stages of a technology that will someday be used as the foundation for new business models yet to be discussed. Those who've expressed concern about the IRC at this point have done so based on rather erratic speculation. According to Picscout, the IRC is just an index. It's currently being populated, and they are building an API for application developers to attach to the index to get information about images. Yes, Picscout has made a preliminary prototype that uses this API -- the firefox plug-in -- but one can assume that more applications will have access to that API at some point in the future.
But this hasn't caused some unfair and somewhat simplistic criticism of the browser plug-in. It has been ridiculed as a "bad way to reach image buyers" and that "no one really wants to add a plug-in just to see who owns an image." True, but Picscout didn't characterize it that way. It's just a prototype sample to demonstrate how the IRC can work. One can reasonably assume that, over time, many third-party applications that use images -- especially those used by image buyers -- could incorporate this API as well. There's nothing secret here; this is precisely why technology companies build APIs.
There are also those who've critiqued the basic premise of an IRC. That's like criticizing Google and Yahoo for creating technology that "scans and indexes the web." As image-recognition algorithms evolve, it's natural to index images and track on the web. That there may also be an added element that points to a "licensing agent" for those images not a "good or bad" thing--it's just something people can use. It can become better or worse depending on many other factors.
For example, similar models are already in use. All major media publishers (music, film, video, and news organizations) employ some sort of recognition technology to identify their content, which is then used to track their copyrighted content online. That some of them have been used in unpopular ways is true, but it's simplistic to throw the baby out with the bath water. There are also benefits to those mechanisms; they enable device-makers and others in the supply chain to create popular and useful tools to play such content on devices ranging from MP3 players to TV set-top boxes. The ease and convenience of instant-viewing of movies, songs and other content is a direct byproduct of such technologies applied in non-combative ways.
The difference with PicScout's IRC is merely that Picscout doesn't "own" the content they crawl and index, as opposed to media publishers that only do their own content.
But there's another important difference that the IRC does that other publishers don't do -- it provides for a new pathway within the communication channel for a potential "user" to legitimately acquire arbitrary content. I spoke of the inevitability of this sort of thing back in 2007 and 2008 when I outlined business models that would evolve as image-recognition engines such as Picscout's and Idee's grew powerful enough. In fact, my entire article, The Economics of Migrating from Web 2.0 to Web 3.0, predicted precisely the kind of IRC model that Picscout has now announced.
It's true that Picscout hasn't yet announced details of its intended business models, but just like the inevitability of the IRC in the first place, there's a very limited number of business options available, each of which are similarly predictable. (I identified a variety of such models in the article above.) The real question before us is not what Picscout might do, but how well they do it. Choosing the right partners, technology back-end, marketing, and competitive differentiation will all be instrumental in their success. After all, both Google and Yahoo attempted the same technology and business models, but only one succeeded.
Another concern I've seen raised by some industry watchers is how the IRC will affect stock pricing. John Harrington's post was one of several that expressed concern over the inclusion of CC (Creative Commons) images into the index. (CC attribution allows publishers to use images for free, in exchange for credit attribution). The concern that CC images are "free" and will thereby affect market prices is mis-attributed. I've written extensively about the myths of how "free" affects pricing--you can read them in the "Pricing and Profit" section of my blog. Those articles basically highlight common and repeating events that show how open-market pricing mechanisms has a tendency to optimize price points. Don't get me wrong--there is a concern about CC images, but it's not because CC images are free.
The problem with CC images is more tied to the legitimacy of the images in the first place. This, too is something I've written about a lot before, but I can summarize the basic problem this way:
It's important to recognize the mindset of people who currently use CC-attribution because it forecasts how their behaviors might change under different market conditions. And that's where the IRC comes in. If the IRC shows that people can monetize their images in ways that were previously unavailable to them, they wouldn't be so indifferent to CC. In other words, CC photographers do not universally share the political focus and determination that Lawrence Lessig has. They are not an army of political adversaries that have it out to dispense with copyright. Most CC photographers are largely unaware that they're part of someone else's agenda. The simple smell of money--of easily accessible money--will convert most CC users into regular photographer-contributors.
Because of this, I think it'd be good for Picscout--and good for photo pricing--to be inclusive of the CC community. But there's another, entirely different problem with CC that negates this advantage... for now.
The problem is, where there's profit, there's also greater incentive to game the system. As such, CC presents a significant risk. The misunderstanding and indifference by the consumer public about CC is what allows bad actors to step in. You can read about that in more detail here. The game is to give a CC attribution, and then deny that "you" are the one who gave it. Either the photographer or the user of the image can do this dishonest act. An arbitrating judge would never discern between a lying photographer looking to swindle the publisher, or a lying publisher, looking to swindle the photographer. In the event of a dispute, the dishonest player usually is the one who wins because he knows the game.
Therefore, users of CC images have to trust that the CC attribution on the images they publish is legitimate, and that's not very practical. Combine the effects of these bad actors with the social phenomenon that consumers are in the habit of attributing the CC license to any image they touch--including those they do not own--the result is a time-bomb waiting to explode: when all those mis-attributed images are used by naive publishers seeking to use "free images" through the the IRC, the lawsuits start flying.
It's not as though "most" CC images are mis-attributed. The problem is that it's an unknown number. And the risk for Picscout is that even a small number can result in a PR nightmare. If a disproportionate number of images in its index are CC-attributed, it'd be like being in a dark room full of thieves when the lights go on: you not only can see what's been stolen from you, but who stole them. If most of the goods are CC images, people learn to avoid the room if it attracts thieves. Buyers would do more than just withdraw from using CC images, they'd avoid Picscout's IRC entirely.
The same would not be said of "traditional" infringements--in fact, quite the opposite. If the large majority of the IRC index contains validated works from credible suppliers, the IRC's reputation not only goes up for the buyer, but it would attract more business partners. Here, infringement claims would be regarded as proof and legitimacy of the system.
The issue of CC credibility points to another important factor in IRC's success: managing copyright in general. First, I'll dispel the silly notion that the IRC can be used as a vehicle for easier and more frequent infringements. The IRC is not a search engine, and infringers wouldn't use the IRC if their intent is to infringe. The IRC is just used to identify information about images a human finds through other means. That is, you already have the image--you just want to know how to properly license it.
The legitimate question is whether the IRC actually helps increase licensing. And this gets to a critical point people have asked that Picscout has yet to answer: Will infringements be pursued? As a general point of interest for industry watchers, protection of copyright is one of the most critical cornerstones of copyright economics. There's a direct relationship between copyright enforcement and compliance, which itself is due to the direct relationship between copyright compliance and social norms.
In other words, most copyright infringements are because certain behaviors are regarded socially acceptable--the norm. Infringements of photography are not usually because people want to save money through stealing. To understand the economic effects of this, understand that music copyright compliance trends finally turned positive when music labels struck deals with music companies to create ways for consumers to buy music more easily. And that wouldn't have happened had the music labels not been aggressive in pursuing infringers. I address that issue thoroughly in my article, Proposal for Privatizing the Copyright Registration Process, where I write:
That cornerstone of economic viability--pursuing infringements--must be real and present in some form, or there is no economic infrastructure to sustain a licensing business model. What makes this problem hard for photography is that, unlike music, which is protected by music companies, the common photographer does not attempt to protect his image copyrights. Worse, photo agencies do not step in to protect images the way music companies do in any significant manner. Even large stock agencies are puppies compared to the pit-bulls of the music industry when it comes to protecting copyrights. And photo industry trade associations literally do nothing--this, compared to the recording industry trade associations that vigorously pursue infringements.
Photography infringers steal because there is no social norm dictating otherwise. Most are totally unaware that they are doing something wrong. The IRC can lead a potential buyer to a licensing agent, but unless that agent is also prepared to protect that asset, social norms won't change. And people don't build new technologies to support licensing mechanisms unless they know social behaviors will participate in that system.
While the IRC can be used as an infringement tracker, it's unknown as to who is going to pursue infringements. And that's the elephant in the middle of the room. If the culture of stealing images doesn't change, too few people will use the IRC sufficiently enough to justify investment in its growth or participation by third parties that have to choose whether to invest time, money and resources into supporting the Picscout API.
By contrast, if someone does pursue these licensing/infringement conditions, it gives incentive throughout the entire supply chain to participate. Buyers would be more diligent about licensing images to avoid infringement suits, causing more photographers to use the system to track their images, causing more agencies to get more images into the system to increase the rate of licensing, and more third party applications will build IRC access tools into their programs.
In summary, all the critiques of the IRC that I've read are premature. But that doesn't mean there aren't serious questions and challenges ahead.
Though I'm no longer affiliated with Picscout (past VP of marketing), I feel compelled to chime in on the subject. However, I obviously have information and insight that I'm not at liberty to discuss. This is a bit frustrating because some of it would help dispel some of the myths and misunderstandings that many people have about the IRC. However, there are a few things I can say that will merely help steer people in the right direction, at least insofar as their overall understanding of the stock photo market and the IRC's relationship to that. A great deal of this is based on blogs I've posted over the years, all of which pre-dated anything Picscout is doing today.
What we know, and what Picscout has announced, is that they are in the first stages of a technology that will someday be used as the foundation for new business models yet to be discussed. Those who've expressed concern about the IRC at this point have done so based on rather erratic speculation. According to Picscout, the IRC is just an index. It's currently being populated, and they are building an API for application developers to attach to the index to get information about images. Yes, Picscout has made a preliminary prototype that uses this API -- the firefox plug-in -- but one can assume that more applications will have access to that API at some point in the future.
But this hasn't caused some unfair and somewhat simplistic criticism of the browser plug-in. It has been ridiculed as a "bad way to reach image buyers" and that "no one really wants to add a plug-in just to see who owns an image." True, but Picscout didn't characterize it that way. It's just a prototype sample to demonstrate how the IRC can work. One can reasonably assume that, over time, many third-party applications that use images -- especially those used by image buyers -- could incorporate this API as well. There's nothing secret here; this is precisely why technology companies build APIs.
There are also those who've critiqued the basic premise of an IRC. That's like criticizing Google and Yahoo for creating technology that "scans and indexes the web." As image-recognition algorithms evolve, it's natural to index images and track on the web. That there may also be an added element that points to a "licensing agent" for those images not a "good or bad" thing--it's just something people can use. It can become better or worse depending on many other factors.
For example, similar models are already in use. All major media publishers (music, film, video, and news organizations) employ some sort of recognition technology to identify their content, which is then used to track their copyrighted content online. That some of them have been used in unpopular ways is true, but it's simplistic to throw the baby out with the bath water. There are also benefits to those mechanisms; they enable device-makers and others in the supply chain to create popular and useful tools to play such content on devices ranging from MP3 players to TV set-top boxes. The ease and convenience of instant-viewing of movies, songs and other content is a direct byproduct of such technologies applied in non-combative ways.
The difference with PicScout's IRC is merely that Picscout doesn't "own" the content they crawl and index, as opposed to media publishers that only do their own content.
But there's another important difference that the IRC does that other publishers don't do -- it provides for a new pathway within the communication channel for a potential "user" to legitimately acquire arbitrary content. I spoke of the inevitability of this sort of thing back in 2007 and 2008 when I outlined business models that would evolve as image-recognition engines such as Picscout's and Idee's grew powerful enough. In fact, my entire article, The Economics of Migrating from Web 2.0 to Web 3.0, predicted precisely the kind of IRC model that Picscout has now announced.
It's true that Picscout hasn't yet announced details of its intended business models, but just like the inevitability of the IRC in the first place, there's a very limited number of business options available, each of which are similarly predictable. (I identified a variety of such models in the article above.) The real question before us is not what Picscout might do, but how well they do it. Choosing the right partners, technology back-end, marketing, and competitive differentiation will all be instrumental in their success. After all, both Google and Yahoo attempted the same technology and business models, but only one succeeded.
Another concern I've seen raised by some industry watchers is how the IRC will affect stock pricing. John Harrington's post was one of several that expressed concern over the inclusion of CC (Creative Commons) images into the index. (CC attribution allows publishers to use images for free, in exchange for credit attribution). The concern that CC images are "free" and will thereby affect market prices is mis-attributed. I've written extensively about the myths of how "free" affects pricing--you can read them in the "Pricing and Profit" section of my blog. Those articles basically highlight common and repeating events that show how open-market pricing mechanisms has a tendency to optimize price points. Don't get me wrong--there is a concern about CC images, but it's not because CC images are free.
The problem with CC images is more tied to the legitimacy of the images in the first place. This, too is something I've written about a lot before, but I can summarize the basic problem this way:
The CC is used mostly by consumers who neither understand or care one bit about the legal complexity and liability that can come from publishing CC-attributed images.It's also the case that those who CC-attribute their images don't believe their images would ever be licensed. Lastly, CC photographers don't think about it--they just assign CC attribution with indifference, much the same way one clicks on the Agree button on license agreements for new software purchases.
It's important to recognize the mindset of people who currently use CC-attribution because it forecasts how their behaviors might change under different market conditions. And that's where the IRC comes in. If the IRC shows that people can monetize their images in ways that were previously unavailable to them, they wouldn't be so indifferent to CC. In other words, CC photographers do not universally share the political focus and determination that Lawrence Lessig has. They are not an army of political adversaries that have it out to dispense with copyright. Most CC photographers are largely unaware that they're part of someone else's agenda. The simple smell of money--of easily accessible money--will convert most CC users into regular photographer-contributors.
Because of this, I think it'd be good for Picscout--and good for photo pricing--to be inclusive of the CC community. But there's another, entirely different problem with CC that negates this advantage... for now.
The problem is, where there's profit, there's also greater incentive to game the system. As such, CC presents a significant risk. The misunderstanding and indifference by the consumer public about CC is what allows bad actors to step in. You can read about that in more detail here. The game is to give a CC attribution, and then deny that "you" are the one who gave it. Either the photographer or the user of the image can do this dishonest act. An arbitrating judge would never discern between a lying photographer looking to swindle the publisher, or a lying publisher, looking to swindle the photographer. In the event of a dispute, the dishonest player usually is the one who wins because he knows the game.
Therefore, users of CC images have to trust that the CC attribution on the images they publish is legitimate, and that's not very practical. Combine the effects of these bad actors with the social phenomenon that consumers are in the habit of attributing the CC license to any image they touch--including those they do not own--the result is a time-bomb waiting to explode: when all those mis-attributed images are used by naive publishers seeking to use "free images" through the the IRC, the lawsuits start flying.
It's not as though "most" CC images are mis-attributed. The problem is that it's an unknown number. And the risk for Picscout is that even a small number can result in a PR nightmare. If a disproportionate number of images in its index are CC-attributed, it'd be like being in a dark room full of thieves when the lights go on: you not only can see what's been stolen from you, but who stole them. If most of the goods are CC images, people learn to avoid the room if it attracts thieves. Buyers would do more than just withdraw from using CC images, they'd avoid Picscout's IRC entirely.
The same would not be said of "traditional" infringements--in fact, quite the opposite. If the large majority of the IRC index contains validated works from credible suppliers, the IRC's reputation not only goes up for the buyer, but it would attract more business partners. Here, infringement claims would be regarded as proof and legitimacy of the system.
The issue of CC credibility points to another important factor in IRC's success: managing copyright in general. First, I'll dispel the silly notion that the IRC can be used as a vehicle for easier and more frequent infringements. The IRC is not a search engine, and infringers wouldn't use the IRC if their intent is to infringe. The IRC is just used to identify information about images a human finds through other means. That is, you already have the image--you just want to know how to properly license it.
The legitimate question is whether the IRC actually helps increase licensing. And this gets to a critical point people have asked that Picscout has yet to answer: Will infringements be pursued? As a general point of interest for industry watchers, protection of copyright is one of the most critical cornerstones of copyright economics. There's a direct relationship between copyright enforcement and compliance, which itself is due to the direct relationship between copyright compliance and social norms.
In other words, most copyright infringements are because certain behaviors are regarded socially acceptable--the norm. Infringements of photography are not usually because people want to save money through stealing. To understand the economic effects of this, understand that music copyright compliance trends finally turned positive when music labels struck deals with music companies to create ways for consumers to buy music more easily. And that wouldn't have happened had the music labels not been aggressive in pursuing infringers. I address that issue thoroughly in my article, Proposal for Privatizing the Copyright Registration Process, where I write:
...there's a lesson in behavioral economics: Consumers don't fear copyright infringement consequences, companies do. Markets don't grow by educating individuals about copyright; compliance is achieved--and business grows--by creating convenient and automated mechanisms that make both access to and use of content easier. The recent announcement by Apple and record companies to remove copy protection mechanisms in songs further reflects this economic reality.
That cornerstone of economic viability--pursuing infringements--must be real and present in some form, or there is no economic infrastructure to sustain a licensing business model. What makes this problem hard for photography is that, unlike music, which is protected by music companies, the common photographer does not attempt to protect his image copyrights. Worse, photo agencies do not step in to protect images the way music companies do in any significant manner. Even large stock agencies are puppies compared to the pit-bulls of the music industry when it comes to protecting copyrights. And photo industry trade associations literally do nothing--this, compared to the recording industry trade associations that vigorously pursue infringements.
Photography infringers steal because there is no social norm dictating otherwise. Most are totally unaware that they are doing something wrong. The IRC can lead a potential buyer to a licensing agent, but unless that agent is also prepared to protect that asset, social norms won't change. And people don't build new technologies to support licensing mechanisms unless they know social behaviors will participate in that system.
While the IRC can be used as an infringement tracker, it's unknown as to who is going to pursue infringements. And that's the elephant in the middle of the room. If the culture of stealing images doesn't change, too few people will use the IRC sufficiently enough to justify investment in its growth or participation by third parties that have to choose whether to invest time, money and resources into supporting the Picscout API.
By contrast, if someone does pursue these licensing/infringement conditions, it gives incentive throughout the entire supply chain to participate. Buyers would be more diligent about licensing images to avoid infringement suits, causing more photographers to use the system to track their images, causing more agencies to get more images into the system to increase the rate of licensing, and more third party applications will build IRC access tools into their programs.
In summary, all the critiques of the IRC that I've read are premature. But that doesn't mean there aren't serious questions and challenges ahead.
Labels: analysis, copyright, creative commons, dan heller, economics, licensing, photo agencies, photo business, picscout, pricing, stock agencies, stock photography
posted by argv | 3:00 PM
